Cognition is a complex biological process that makes humans superior to other mammals. However, due to altered lifestyles and dietary habits with modern lifestyles, humans are more vulnerable to various neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades are the two pathophysiological events initiated gradually due to an imbalance in the ‘prakriti’ of the human, which leads to cognitive dysfunction. Numerous approved drugs are available to overcome cognition-related issues, but all are associated with many side effects. So, currently, researchers are more focused on plant-based therapies due to their pleiotropic nature and fewer side effects for chronic use. Plentiful clinical evidence suggests that Ayurvedic treatments help to improve the quality of a patient’s life having neurological conditions. Brahmi, Ashwagandha, Shankhapushpi, Guduchi, Turmeric, and Yastimadhu are a few examples of herbs listed in Ayurveda to combat neurological disorders, especially cognitive deficits. The herbal extracts and formulations are rich in essential amino acids, proteins, and multiple secondary metabolites, which work synergistically. This chapter discusses the Ayurvedic basis of cognitive deficits. Further, detailed information on the Ayurvedic and dietary interventions available to combat cognitive impairments has also been included in this chapter.