As global efforts intensify in response to climate change, establishing a new energy system predominantly based on renewable sources has become a critical necessity to achieve carbon neutrality target. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power, due to its low-carbon attributes during electricity generation stage, has increasingly widespread adoption. However, the manufacture of PV module still faces the challenges such as dependency on strategic mineral resources, high energy consumption and pollution in certain critical stages of the supply chain. This study employed life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to analyze the resource and environment impact during the life cycle of a typical monocrystalline silicon solar cell (MSSC), including raw materials and energy acquisition, transportation, and manufacturing. Moreover, the variations in environmental impacts under different grid structures were discussed. The results indicate that silicon wafer production stage contributes significantly to most of the environmental indicators such as global warming potential, ozone depletion, particulate matter formation, fossil resource depletion, water consumption and so on, while the electricity generation stage had the largest impact on stratospheric ozone depletion and terrestrial acidification indictors. The contribution to global warming caused by the electricity used in the production and operation of MSSC varies significantly under different grid structures.