This paper investigates the influence of laser surface texturing on the temperature field of gears through finite element analysis. Various laser processing parameters were employed to create surface textures on the tooth surface, and the impact of laser surface texture on gear contact fatigue performance was assessed through fatigue tests. Simulation and experimental results indicate that laser surface texture can enhance the temperature field of gears. Specifically, the temperature peak of the gear was significantly reduced, the temperature difference was decreased, and the temperature gradient distribution was more uniform. The presence of laser surface texture played a crucial role in improving the fatigue performance of gears, thereby enhancing their reliability and lifespan. This finding is of significant importance to the design and optimization of gear transmission systems.