This article investigates the influence of a grid-type surface texture on the stress field and bending fatigue resistance of gears. Gears are the most commonly used components in mechanical transmission systems. The study of the gear stress field and bending fatigue resistance holds great significance for the design and optimization of gears in mechanical transmission systems. Firstly, MSC Nastran finite element software was employed for the static analysis of gear teeth. The deformation displacement cloud map and equivalent stress cloud map of the gear teeth indicate that, when subjected to uniformly distributed loads of the same strength, the deformation trend of laser surface-textured gears and ordinary gears was essentially the same, with the peak deformation variable occurring at the tooth top. However, due to the presence of laser surface texture, the deformation of the gear was significantly reduced, thereby benefiting the reduction of tooth breakage caused by deformation and enhancing the bending fatigue resistance of the gear. Furthermore, the distribution trend of equivalent stress for the two types of gears was essentially the same, with the peak value of equivalent stress appearing at the tooth root. The stress value of gear teeth with laser surface texture was lower than that of ordinary gears, contributing to the extension of the bending fatigue life of gears. Subsequently, bending fatigue experiments were conducted on laser surface-textured gears and ordinary gears. The load was applied to the surface of the gear teeth, and the effect of laser surface texture on the bending fatigue resistance of the gear was evaluated. The experimental results demonstrate that the grid-type laser surface texture can significantly prolong the bending fatigue life of gears. Finally, the mechanism by which laser surface texture improved the bending fatigue performance of gears had been revealed.