This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the financial metrics that underpin banking operations, focusing on income statements, capital adequacy ratios, and risk management frameworks. It differentiates between traditional accounting measures and economic indicators specific to financial institutions, such as Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC) and Risk-Adjusted Net Present Value (RANPV). The discussion extends to the implications of systemic risk, exploring how interconnectedness in financial systems can amplify vulnerabilities. The chapter emphasizes the necessity of robust financial statements that accurately reflect the impact of nonfinancial factors on banks’ balance sheets, thereby informing risk management strategies and regulatory compliance.