This chapter introduces the competitiveness of countries, which affects firm-level performance. The key argument is that a firm’s good strategies are necessary but insufficient to ensure competitive advantage. Rather, country-level public policies are also needed to facilitate the private sector’s development. The core content in this chapter is thus expanded to touch on the competitive advantage of nations—in particular, the critical roles of government in the context of technology firms. The discussion explores the domain of public policy that fosters the growth of technology companies in technology-based economies.