Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) comprises plant dry matter holding immense potential to be used as a renewable resource material for obtaining sustainable energy. LCB can be used for the large-scale production of second-generation biofuels contributing to climate change mitigation and reducing dependence on fossil fuel. Furthermore, India, with its strong agricultural economy, generates substantial plant biomass that can be harnessed for biofuel production. However, the efficient use of LCB in various products can be challenged by processing and conversion facilities due to its complex structural architecture. In the past, various technologies have been utilized for the deconstruction of LCB structure, viz., physicochemical methods, chemical pretreatments, microbial or biological and enzymatic hydrolysis. Recently, novel treatment technologies, viz., ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, and ultrasound-assisted treatments, have been developed to achieve efficient deconstruction of LCB, thereby simplifying downstream processing. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive outline of the structural complexity of lignocellulosic materials, chemical composition, and further discussion of various novel technologies for its efficient conversion into a vast variety of value-added products with industrial importance. The advent of novel technologies has ushered in a transformative era in lignocellulosic biomass mitigation, offering promising solutions for a circular economy and a more sustainable future.