Indocyanine green (ICG), a contrast media is an iodine-based, non-toxic, water-soluble, and near-infrared (NIR) light-sensitive tri-carbocyanine dye, which is used extensively for intraoperative imaging guidance and is a key diagnostic advancement that is now central to hepatobiliary diagnostics and therapy. The advancements in high-definition video-imaging and three-dimensional imaging systems have granted ICG fluorescence imaging superior intraoperative visualization capabilities which aid perioperative decision-making. ICG fluorescence imaging demonstrates the extrahepatic biliary anatomy with greater precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, which has assisted clinicians in avoiding or minimizing the injury of the hepatic or bile duct, reducing the conversion to open surgery, and preventing bile leakage and other related complications. This chapter on the advent of ICG in hepatobiliary diseases discusses the applications of ICG fluorescence in diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary disease.