Choledocholithiasis or common bile duct (CBD) stones are present in about 10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones. With the evolution and acceptance of a minimally invasive treatment for gallstones, the need for a minimally invasive treatment for CBD stones was felt, leading to the acceptance of endoscopic stone extraction followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the standard of care. This two-step approach is still the most commonly performed treatment for choledocholithiasis worldwide. Laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) offers a one-step management of choledocholithiasis, reducing hospital stay and overall treatment costs. Besides, it obviates the need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, which has its own complications including bleeding, acute pancreatitis, cholangitis and duodenal perforation. LCBDE can be performed by two approaches—transcystic and transcholedochal, each having its advantages and limitations. Careful selection of patient and approach is needed to achieve the best outcomes. While the transcystic approach has less risk of complications and is considered by some experts as the default approach for almost all patients, it may not be successful in patients with large, impacted or difficult-shaped stones. The transcholedochal approach is preferred in such situations, provided the CBD is dilated enough, so as not to result in postoperative biliary stricture. Both the techniques need considerable expertise and specialized equipment, factors that limit the availability of LCBDE. Currently, training opportunities in LCBDE are limited. With growing interest in advanced laparoscopic surgeries, the use of LCBDE is expected to be more widespread.