With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which are the core components, especially their thermal management, plays a crucial role in the endurance and safety of the whole vehicle. In this study, the optimization techniques and performance of air-cooled and liquid-cooled air-cooled and liquid-cooled based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation were discussed in depth. Firstly, the heat generation mechanism of lithium-ion batteries, including Joule heating, polarization heat, reaction heat and decomposition heat, was analyzed, and the heat generation model of the battery was established. According to the search of data, a variety of battery cooling technologies were comprehensively evaluated, including traditional air cooling, liquid cooling methods, heat pipe technology, and phase change material cooling, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared. In addition, focusing on the in-depth research on air cooling and liquid cooling, for the air cooling technology, numerical simulation was carried out by Fluent software, and it was found that with the increase of the distance of the blade battery, the temperature continued to be at a high level and showed an upward trend, the heat dissipation effect was not ideal, and there was a risk of thermal runaway, and the shortcomings of air cooling technology were pointed out according to the simulation results. The liquid cooling technology provides that the parallel Z-type cooling pipe design is better than the traditional Z-type by designing different cooling channel layout schemes, and the simulation results show that the parallel Z-type cooling pipe design is better than the traditional Z-type, providing more uniform and efficient thermal management. Finally, it is concluded that the liquid cooling technology is significantly better than the air cooling technology in terms of cooling effect, especially the parallel Z-type cooling channel design, which provides a more efficient and uniform heat dissipation effect for the blade battery, which is helpful to prolong the battery life and improve its safety. Future research will further explore the effects of other new materials, such as phase change materials, on the heat dissipation of blade batteries.