With the advance of socioeconomic development, urban public goods have become increasingly diversified, forming a multifunctional and complex system. The public goods supply mechanism has also evolved, giving rise to various systems, including governmental supply mechanisms, market (private) supply mechanisms, societal (voluntary) supply mechanisms, and multi-stakeholder cooperative supply mechanisms. It’s traditionally believed that government supply mechanisms focus on pure public goods that are highly public, non-competitive, and non-exclusive. In contrast, market (private) supply mechanisms are suitable for quasi-public goods, including infrastructure and network carrier public goods. Societal (voluntary) supply mechanisms leverage societal forces and capital, often through third-party or non-profit organizations, to expand supply channels and diversify supply methods. Meanwhile, multi-stakeholder cooperative supply mechanisms involving collaboration between governments, enterprises, and social entities, are commonly applicable to the construction and management of various public goods. In practice, while some public goods clearly fall within the domain of either government or private investment, production, and distribution, their distinction often blurs. A hybrid economy has emerged where both market and government mechanisms play active roles in public goods provision. Following the 2008 global financial crisis, international collaboration between governments and societal forces strengthened while increased marketization attracted social capital, making the multi-stakeholder cooperative supply mechanism more prevalent.