Agriculture is highly susceptible to climate change, with Japan’s diverse climatic conditions leading to region- and commodity-specific impacts. Since around 2000, rising temperatures and extreme heat have notably affected both field and horticultural crops. In field crops, heat exposure during critical periods for rice grain quality, especially in central Japan, has increased the appearance of chalky grains, reducing premium-grade rice. In fruit trees, heat-related disorders such as poor coloration and sunburn have frequently lowered produce quality and market value. As global warming progresses, these effects are projected to worsen, with suitable growing regions, particularly for horticultural crops, expected to shift northward or to higher altitudes, altering regional production dynamics. Adaptation strategies, including heat-tolerant cultivars and adjusted planting schedules, are under consideration, but their effectiveness in specific local contexts and under extreme weather conditions requires further study. Current research also remains insufficient to fully assess the feasibility of various adaptation options. Locally tailored strategies that account for environmental, economic, and social factors are crucial for effective climate adaptation in Japan’s agriculture.