This chapter examines the pivotal role of labor and human capital in shaping India’s agricultural sector. In the early 2000s, more than 60% of the workforce was engaged in agriculture. As of 2023, approximately 41–43% of India’s total workforce is employed in agriculture. This is a significant drop from the past, but agriculture still employs the largest share of workers compared to other sectors. The analysis reveals significant trends such as diminishing land holdings, rapid population growth, and evolving socio-economic conditions that have impacted the agricultural workforce. Historical shifts are underscored, noting a decrease in cultivators and an increase in agricultural laborers, contrasting with earlier observations like those of Sir Thomas Munroe in 1842. Gender disparities are a focal point, with women playing a crucial role yet facing persistent wage gaps, particularly evident despite Kerala’s higher wage levels. Regional disparities are explored, showing higher wages in southern and northwest states compared to the heartland, though there is a gradual trend towards wage convergence. The chapter delves into factors affecting labor dynamics, including population growth, landholding issues, and capital-intensive farming shifts. It reviews government interventions such as the Minimum Wage Act, anti-bonded labor measures, land allocations, and employment schemes. The chapter concludes with recommendations for policy interventions aimed at improving agricultural laborers’ socio-economic conditions. These include enforcing legal protections, empowering laborers, facilitating resettlement, creating alternative employment, safeguarding women and child laborers, and promoting cooperative farming. By addressing these areas, the chapter advocates for sustainable growth and equitable development in India’s agricultural sector.