The field of controlled medication delivery is expanding rapidly thanks to the efforts of chemists, pharmaceutics professionals, and chemical engineers working to better people’s health. Higher efficacy, reduced toxicity, higher patient adherence, and streamlined administration are only some of the advantages of controlled drug delivery systems over standard dosing. Chitosan has been put to use in a wide range of industries, from the food and cosmetics industries to regenerative medicine and engineering and even environmental safeguards. Since chitosan, a by-product of chitin, possesses useful features including biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and mucoadhesiveness, it is frequently used in the drug delivery industry. As chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been found to offer promising controlled release capabilities, they represent a promising option for advancing drug delivery technology. According to a drug delivery method, chitosan comes in many forms, and this review attempts to summarize the extensive literature on chitosan-based materials for this purpose. This includes beads, films, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, hydrogels, nanocomposites, etc. In addition, chitosan nanocomposites with various nanofillers and their use in drug delivery have been discussed. We will also look at the most recent discoveries and advancements in the vital biomedical field of drug delivery, which includes chitosan films and scaffolds, as well as the methods used to create them and the tactics used to modify them to improve their functional qualities.