Mainly as a result of advancements in nanofiller materials and enhanced manufacturing capabilities, the use of traditional nanocomposite materials has increased. Numerous fascinating nanomaterials have been found in recent decades, and they have a significant impact on our daily lives. These novel materials include carbon nanosheets, metal oxides, graphene oxide family, layered silicates, quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes, dendrimers, and, most recently, MXenes. Because of their advantages which include a higher surface area to volume ratio, aspect ratio, and particle shape, they can be used as nanosized fillers instead of micron-sized fillers, which leads to the creation of new, advanced materials and composites. It is currently being used in more commercial applications, which is leading to intensive research and development. Advantages and unique impacts of nanoparticles on material characteristics coexist with the possibility of exposure to specific harmful consequences inside biological systems. This chapter examines these materials, stressing their synthesis, applications as well as the various kinds of nanofillers, nanocomposites that are chosen, and the conclusions that are reached.