With the rapid development of urbanisation, urban planning data management is facing unprecedented challenges. Traditional data management methods cannot meet the needs of large-scale complex data processing, therefore, this paper hopes to use the optimisation characteristics of artificial genetic algorithm to construct a fitting function, transform the urban planning data management problem into an optimisation problem, and solve it using artificial genetic algorithm. At the same time, combined with the characteristics of urban planning data, this paper designs the corresponding coding method, crossover operation, mutation operation, etc., which are used to ensure the effectiveness of the algorithm. The system hopes to effectively improve the rationality of urban spatial layout by optimising the urban planning data of a large city, provide powerful data support for decision makers, and thus significantly improve the efficiency of urban planning, providing new ideas and methods for future urban planning.