Peptides exist widely in the biological world and reveal high biological activity. Because of their excellent properties, high selectivity, and low toxicity, peptides have been widely used as biomedical nanodrugs, drug carriers, tissue engineering materials, and nutritious foods. At present, it is well known that peptides can interact with various nanomaterials to regulate the structure or function of peptide-based hybrids, which can improve the characteristics and functions of raw peptide nanomaterials. In this paper, we present recent advance in the combination of peptides and two-dimensional materials (2DMs). In addition, potential applications of the peptide/2DM hybrids in materials science, biomedicine, and nanotechnology are demonstrated and discussed.