Chapter 3 explores the mystery about the great divergence in history. The international academic community holds that before the tenth century, China was more developed than Europe; since the eleven century, Europe became more developed than China. Some scholars put the time of divergence to the fifteenth century or sometime after the Opium War in the nineteenth century. Prof. Pomeranz of the University of California studied the issue (Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence, Princeton University Press, 2001). Why was China which had embraced so much glory humiliated later? What is the law behind the great divergence? So far, there is yet no answer to this question, an important question awaiting further research on World China Studies. This chapter consists of three sections. Section 1 discusses the relationship between the land system and the rise and fall of the Han (206 BC–220 AD) and Tang (618–907) dynasties. The research on the equal-field system is relevant to China today since the household contract system is similar to the equal-field system. Section 2 examines the relationship between the right of inheritance of the eldest son and the modern social changes in Europe, holding that the equal-field system and the right of inheritance of the eldest son are the historical genes of the historical divergence between China and the West. Section 3 deals with the relationship between human migration and civilization progress. This issue is discussed to make the past serve the present since the market economy is actually based on the migrants’ society rather than the aboriginal society. The study of the migrant culture resulting from Chinese people’s migration is very helpful to the study of today’s socialist market economy.