For a very long time, carbohydrate polymers and related nanocomposite materials have been known for providing extraordinary properties to materials that are not possible with their individual components. Nanofiller-containing composites can be created by mixing two phases of materials having significant surface areas at the nanoscale. The most challenging part of nanocomposites is the interfacial interactions between the two phases. Polymer nanocomposites are gaining a lot of interest lately because of their enormous potential for a wide range of applications in the electrical, magnetic, optical, and biological domains. The advantages of carbohydrate polymeric nanocomposites include the combination of enhanced properties including low weight, flexibility, ease of manufacturing, and inexpensive cost of the resulting composite product. Biomedical applications have emerged as a particularly interesting area of research as medical technology has grown in importance. In the realm of biomedicine, there is a great need for novel materials with specific potential. Thus, in addition to explaining the synthesis, processing, structure, and applications of nanocomposites in biomedicine, this chapter gives an overview of many forms of carbohydrate polymer nanocomposite. New advancements in the field of carbohydrate polymer nanocomposite for biological applications were also covered. Because of their special blend of biocompatibility, flexibility, and tunable properties, carbohydrate polymeric nanocomposites have become appealing materials for a variety of biological applications. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of polymeric nanocomposites based on carbohydrates are examined in this work, with a focus on their potential applications in biomedicine.