The emergence of nanomaterials has marked a transformative shift in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and progressive neurological disorder characterized by immune-mediated damage to myelin in the central nervous system. This chapter explores the significant advancements that nanotechnology brings to the field of MS treatment, emphasizing how nanomaterials are addressing the complex challenges associated with the disease. The introduction provides an overview of MS and current treatment challenges, setting the stage for the discussion on how nanomaterials offer innovative solutions. The chapter delves into the pathophysiology of MS, highlighting the role of immune system dysregulation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It then examines various types of nanomaterials, including liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and polymeric nanoparticles, detailing their unique properties and therapeutic applications. The focus is on how these nanomaterials enhance drug solubility and stability, enable targeted drug delivery, facilitate BBB crossing, and provide controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents. Further, the chapter discusses nanomaterial-based therapeutic approaches tailored for MS, such as anti-inflammatory therapies, immunomodulatory strategies, neuroprotection and remyelination, and gene therapy delivery systems.