The use of batteries requires very strict temperature control. Low temperatures can make it difficult to charge and discharge the battery, reduce its performance, and increase the risk of safety issues, greatly limiting its application range. In order to find a heat management method that can improve the charging and discharging efficiency in low temperatures and expand the application scenarios of batteries, this paper designed three heat exchange environments, including air, silicone oil, and composite phase change material, for battery charging and discharging performance experiments. The results show that in high temperatures, the battery charging and discharging capacity of the silicone oil group is always greater than that of the air group, i.e., the cooling effect of silicone oil is significantly better than that of air cooling; while the battery capacity of the phase change material group is significantly higher than that of the other two groups in low temperatures, i.e., the phase change material has significant advantages in low-temperature heat management, but the effect in high-temperature heat management still needs further exploration. The test results obtained in different heat exchange environments provide important insights for designing more effective battery thermal management systems in the future.