The balanced development of the market of higher education and the labour market cannot take place in countries with certain socio-economic problems or dependence on global transformations in the commodity markets. Such countries are very vulnerable economically, which influences the labour market, the system of higher education, and the social sphere. In this paper, we studied—by the example of countries of Central Asia—the gap between the two designated indicators and determined the ways to alleviate it for the achievement of balance. We demonstrated the necessity to choose an innovations-oriented structure of the economy, which will allow solving the problems of resource dependence, reduction of the indicators of social mobility, and human potential development. We also noted the need to refuse centrism in development and the need to focus on the well-balanced regional development. We also identified the prospective directions for reducing the gap between the university education market and the market of labour, to deal with the barriers on the path to social mobility and human potential development in countries of Central Asia.