This chapter, authored by Nohara, characterises the comparison between TPSToyota Production System (TPS) and UPSUddevalla Production System (UPS) as technical convergence and system divergenceSystem divergence. According to the author, Toyota and Volvo faced the same problem—labour shortage. In terms of solving it, both organisations had the same work-focused orientation. Therefore, their technical resolution methods were similar or identical and their experimentations appear to technically converge. However, the organisations had different targets that were realised in the respective production systems as a whole. Toyota’s target was to realise more comprehensive work, meaning that work recovered the contextually meaningful connectionContextually meaningful connection among series of operations. Meanwhile, Volvo’s target was to realise integrated workIntegrated work—indicating a system divergenceSystem divergence.