The rapid industrialization and urbanization of modern society have led to severe emergence and persistence of various pollutants, posing significant challenges for both human health and ecosystems. Consequently, it is challenging to discover and implement novel technology to address this problem. Nanotechnology is a developing science with versatile applications and may be a promising approach to environmental remediation. The nanomaterials provide potential insight for the treatment of various environmental pollutants because nanomaterials have unique characteristics such as greater surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced reactivity, and excellent electronic properties. Nanomaterials are being used to remediate pollutants including industrial waste, biowaste, sewage water, heavy metal ions, agrochemicals, organic solvents, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals and microplastics. It offers efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly strategies to mitigate pollution and promote environmental sustainability. The carbon-based nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide), polymeric nanomaterials (amphiphilic polyurethane, PAMAM dendrimers), metallic nanoparticles (Ag, TiO2, Fe2O3), and silica nanoparticles are widely used for detoxification  of soil and water. The nano-catalysts and nano-filters are better for treating air or gaseous pollutants. Overall, this chapter underscores the significant potential of nanomaterials and related nanocomposites as innovative tools for addressing environmental pollution and achieving sustainable development goals.