Introduction
摘要
Results from some reports and surveys demonstrate that complex structures with bolt-loosening faults can affect structural normal and safe operation and even cause some catastrophic consequences (Element in 5 disasters caused by material fatigue and what we learned from them, 2019; Helmreich in Aviat Space Environ Med 71:A133–A139, 2000; Kaminskaya and Lipov in Sov Eng Res 10:81–85, 1990; McLaren in Undetected stress fatigue crack caused wing to break off in water bombing plane crash that killed pilot David Black. ABC Illawarra, 2016).