The human remains of the Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods found in China are geologically from the Quaternary Period and follow the three stages of the development of the human physique: Pithecanthropus (or Archanthropus), Neanderthal (Paleanthropus), and Sapiens (Neoanthropus). Each Paleolithic Period developed independently in terms of culture, but from the same origin and as a unified system. The cultural system of China’s Paleolithic Period as a whole has little connection with European Paleolithic cultures. Their similarities and differences should be considered to be the result of cultural exchange or parallel development; and the claim of some archaeologists in the past that the Chinese nation and Chinese culture came from the West has been proven groundless by archaeological and paleoanthropological investigations. This chapter mainly summarizes the results of recent research on the Paleolithic Period in China, especially on human fossils and remains, but also on the mammalian fauna living at that time. As we have seen, scholars disagree about the comparison between China’s Stone Age and that of Europe. The present author’s comparisons are based not on artifact typology, but on geological data. They are based on the stages of the overall evolution of Quaternary fauna, but not on that of individual animal species and genera, discussion on which can be found elsewhere. The social organization of human beings in the Stone Age in China is still under discussion and is only briefly mentioned here.