We revisit ETH-violation from the viewpoint of projective representation for higher-form symmetries. \((d+1)\) -dimensional systems with p-form symmetry are shown to accommodate many \((d-p)\) -dimensional ETH-violating observables other than the symmetry operator itself under some reasonable assumptions. The assumptions consist of (i) the endability of the symmetry operator, (ii) a mixture of symmetry sectors in a given energy shell, and *(iii) nonvanishing microcanonical average of the operator of interest. Condition (ii) involves detailed information about the eigenstates in the middle of the energy spectrum, making it challenging to verify without explicit numerical calculations in general. We show that Condition (ii) can be satisfied by preparing a system with a \(\mathbb {Z}_N\times \mathbb {Z}_N\) symmetry realized by a projective representation, and then perturbing so that one of the \(\mathbb {Z}_N\) symmetries is broken.

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Effects of Projective Phase on the ETH

  • Osamu Fukushima

摘要

We revisit ETH-violation from the viewpoint of projective representation for higher-form symmetries. \((d+1)\) -dimensional systems with p-form symmetry are shown to accommodate many \((d-p)\) -dimensional ETH-violating observables other than the symmetry operator itself under some reasonable assumptions. The assumptions consist of (i) the endability of the symmetry operator, (ii) a mixture of symmetry sectors in a given energy shell, and *(iii) nonvanishing microcanonical average of the operator of interest. Condition (ii) involves detailed information about the eigenstates in the middle of the energy spectrum, making it challenging to verify without explicit numerical calculations in general. We show that Condition (ii) can be satisfied by preparing a system with a \(\mathbb {Z}_N\times \mathbb {Z}_N\) symmetry realized by a projective representation, and then perturbing so that one of the \(\mathbb {Z}_N\) symmetries is broken.