This chapter explores key conditions affecting vision in children, focusing on amblyopia, strabismus, and esotropia. Amblyopia results from poor visual development, often due to misalignment or occlusion. The chapter discusses its causes, early diagnosis, and effective treatment strategies, including patching and vision therapy. Strabismus, characterized by misalignment, is examined for its impact on binocular vision and depth perception, with an analysis of treatment options such as surgical intervention and corrective lenses. Additionally, the chapter addresses other pediatric conditions, including esotropia, outlining its different types and management strategies for each. The role of pediatric ophthalmologists in multidisciplinary care and the latest advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are also discussed, underscoring the significance of these interventions for optimal visual outcomes in children.