This chapter provides a foundational overview of the cornea, emphasizing its role and importance in ophthalmology. It explores benign corneal changes and depositions, helping readers differentiate between natural variations and potential underlying issues. The discussion extends to congenital corneal anomalies and degenerative diseases, focusing on inherited conditions, their etiology, manifestations, and treatment options. Special attention is given to corneal dystrophies and ectasia, which present unique challenges for diagnosis and management. The chapter also highlights the significance of corneal tomography as a vital diagnostic tool, emphasizing its role in modern ophthalmological practice. By the end, readers will be well-equipped to diagnose and manage various corneal conditions effectively, ensuring timely and appropriate treatment.