This paper examines the development and implications of gender archaeology, with a focus on its emergence in American archaeology and its potential influence on Chinese archaeological proctices. Gender archaeology, rooted in feminist theory, seeks to address the gender biases in archaeological interpretation and practice, which have historically marginalized women in the discipline. While early research in archaeology paid little attention to gender, the 1980s saw a shift as feminist scholars, such as Joan Gero and Margaret Conkey, highlighted gender inequalites and biases in the field. This shift encouraged the study of gender roles, identities, and relationships in ancient societies, not only focusing on women but also considering how men's roles were constructed. The paper discusses key concepts, such as the distinction between sex and gender, the performative nature of gender identity, and the challenges of applying contemporary gender concepts to past societies. It also highlights the methods and research stratgies used in gender archaeology, including ethnographic analogies, skeletal studies, and art analysis, and emphasize the importance of a nuanced approach to understanding prehistoric gender roles. The paper concludes with reflections on the state of gender archaeology in China, noting its initial stage of development and suggesting that insights from American gender archaeology can help refine and enhance research on gender in ancient Chinese societies, particularly in terms of understanding labor division, social hiearchy, and material culture. .