Radiology has become an indispensable tool in pediatric surgery, with recent advances significantly improving diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and patient outcomes. High-resolution ultrasound, low-dose computed tomography (CT), and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have refined the evaluation of congenital anomalies, tumors, and acute surgical conditions in children. MRI innovations such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and MR urography have enhanced soft-tissue characterization and functional assessment without ionizing radiation. In neonatal care, ultrafast MRI now enables motion-resistant imaging of the brain and spine, providing critical information in cases of hypoxic-ischemic injury or spinal dysraphism. Low-dose pediatric CT protocols have improved safety while maintaining diagnostic quality, particularly in trauma and complex thoracic or abdominal evaluations. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has emerged as a radiation-free alternative for evaluating organ perfusion, trauma, and solid organ lesions. Interventional radiology is also gaining ground, offering minimally invasive solutions such as image-guided biopsies, abscess drainage, and vascular access. These advancements reduce the need for open surgery and shorten recovery times. Artificial intelligence (AI) and 3D post-processing techniques, including 3D printing, are transforming surgical planning for complex cases like congenital heart disease or anorectal malformations. In conclusion, the integration of cutting-edge radiologic techniques into pediatric surgical workflows enhances diagnostic precision, minimizes invasiveness, and supports individualized, safer care. Ongoing research and cross-disciplinary collaboration remain essential to optimize and expand these applications in the pediatric population.