Agricultural and food wastes, rich in carbohydrates, are unavoidable biomass wastes that can be efficiently valorized into high-value molecules like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and subsequently 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). This chapter outlines the catalytic conversion process of carbohydrates from biomass into FDCA using hydrothermal processing and catalytic oxidation. FDCA, a valuable intermediate and substitute for terephthalic acid (TPA) in polyesters, can be converted into biofuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential, the conversion process is complex, yielding numerous by-products and requiring costly catalysts. Recent advancements in catalyst and solvent recycling, solvent system optimization, and process intensification through microreactors show promise for improving economic viability. Transitioning to continuous reactors with advanced electrocatalysts and innovative catalytic materials like nitrogen-doped porous carbon and bimetallic catalysts enhance adsorption performance and catalytic activity. Addressing the solubility issues of agricultural wastes and selecting appropriate media remain critical challenges. Future research should focus on cost-effective methods to improve selectivity and yield, leveraging interdisciplinary approaches and advanced technologies like machine learning. Integrating these advancements will enable scalable, sustainable FDCA production from biomass resources, paving the way for environmentally friendly chemical production.