The catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, primarily sourced from agricultural residues, yields an extensive range of valuable products including biofuels (such as ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas) as well as platform chemicals. This chapter mainly introduces the existing research strategies on the catalytic conversion of cellulose in lignocellulosic components to produce aliphatic alcohol, sugar alcohol, ethanol and other organic alcohol value-added chemicals, the catalytic conversion of hemicellulose to produce furfuryl alcohol, sugar alcohol and other organic alcohols, the catalytic conversion of lignin to produce cyclohexanol and other organic alcohols, and the catalytic conversion of glycerol to produce propanol and propylene glycol and other organic alcohol chemicals. Future development and prospects for organic alcohol chemicals from agricultural waste are summarized and highlighted.