The present scenario of Indian agriculture calls for some transformational changes this has renewed the interest in the use of indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors. The ITKs are environment-friendly, low-cost, and locally made inputs, and those are sustainable and traditional wisdom assimilated with the regional culture of the people and farmers. Attempts have been made in this chapter on various strategies and techniques to enhance agricultural productivity, water conservation, and pest control. It emphasizes the importance of linking traditional water management systems, such as Ahar-Pynes, with government schemes such as Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali and PMKSY for effective water conservation and providing irrigation during the late rabi/summer seasons. Similarly, to improve soil health and reduce the dependence on external fertilizers, the use of organic substances such as Bilb rasyan (@5 kg in 20 l of water), Harad rasayan (@2 kg/10 l of water), and Phusp rasayan (@1 kg/l of water) can provide good result. An application of farm yard manure (FYM) along with press mud @10 Mt ha−1 significantly increased the yield of green gram in the alluvial soil of Bihar. Substituting 25–50% of N with organics (e.g. FYM, green manure, and wheat straw) in rice-wheat systems significantly increased crop yield, nutrient uptake, and build-up organic carbon (from 0.46% to 0.76%), available N (from 194.00 to 225.95 kg ha−1), P2O5 (from 23.60 to 49.54 kg ha−1), and available K2O (from 155.00 to 189.95 kg ha−1). Natural alternatives to chemical insecticides, such as neem leaves @1 kg/100 kg of wheat and Rambans’ extracts (@62.5 ml in 25 l of water) for various crops, are recommended to control insect pests. This delves into the possible blending of ITKs with modern scientific management and listing of doable technologies for greater popularity and use by the farmers of the region or similar situations that exist elsewhere. This chapter would help in formulating the agricultural policies, or their modification, which should include ITKs with modern practices to make Indian agriculture more sustainable and also profitable.