With the growth of global energy demand and increasing attention to greenhouse gas emissions, biodiesel has become a promising solution for alleviating energy and environmental issues. Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel that can be produced from microbial lipids. A large number of studies have considered the use of oleaginous microorganisms to produce microbial lipids, but due to raw material costs reaching around 70% of the entire production process cost or low lipid productivity, the commercialization of microbial lipids produced by this method is still uncertain. Combining low-cost organic compounds from organic wastes with the cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms is a promising method for obtaining commercial feasibility. In addition, in order to effectively convert low-cost substrates into microbial lipids, it is also necessary to consider the characteristics of each microorganism and substrate simultaneously. In addition to oleaginous yeast, oleaginous fungus and oleaginous microalgae, oleaginous bacteria are also a kind of microorganism with great potential to produce lipids as a feedstock of biodiesel using renewable resources.