Revisiting Pairing-Friendly Curves with Embedding Degrees 10 and 14
摘要
Since 2015, there has been a significant decrease in the asymptotic complexity of computing discrete logarithms in finite fields. As a result, the key sizes of many mainstream pairing-friendly curves have to be updated to maintain the desired security level. In PKC’20, Guillevic conducted a comprehensive assessment of the security of a series of pairing-friendly curves with embedding degrees ranging from 9 to 17. In this paper, we focus on five pairing-friendly curves with embedding degrees 10 and 14 at the 128-bit security level, with BW14-351 emerging as the most competitive candidate. First, we extend the optimized formula for the optimal pairing on BW13-310, a 128-bit secure curve with a prime p in 310 bits and embedding degree 13, to our target curves. This generalization allows us to compute the optimal pairing in approximately \(\log r/(2\varphi (k))\) Miller iterations, where r and k are the order of pairing groups and the embedding degree respectively. Second, we develop optimized algorithms for cofactor multiplication for \(\mathbb {G}_1\) and \(\mathbb {G}_2\) , as well as subgroup membership testing for \(\mathbb {G}_2\) on these curves. Finally, we provide detailed performance comparisons between BW14-351 and other popular curves on a 64-bit platform in terms of pairing computation, hashing to \(\mathbb {G}_1\) and \(\mathbb {G}_2\) , group exponentiations, and subgroup membership testings. Our results demonstrate that BW14-351 is a strong candidate for building pairing-based cryptographic protocols.