Robotic grinding has become an increasingly common technique for machining components with the high surface quality. Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) components are often manufactured by near-net-shape forming and require robotic grinding to improve accuracy. In this study, the robot compliant grinding system was developed to achieve constant force grinding. The anisotropic temperature evolution of CFRTP were monitored by the infrared camera in real time. The effects of process parameters on grinding temperature characteristics and surface roughness for different materials were investigated. The surface quality of CFRTP can be effectively improved by reducing the robot feed rate, increasing the normal force and belt speed, and grinding at fibre angle of 90°. This research aims to improve understanding of grinding temperature and surface roughness characteristics in robotic grinding to further providing technical guidance for the high-quality robotic grinding of CFRTP.