In China and elsewhere, the most valuable resource for poverty alleviation is real political commitment. To execute the commitment involves the most precious government resources: not only money, but time, political capital, the willingness to take risks and to become unpopular with some groups. The greatest determinant of the success of poverty alleviation is a country’s political courage, expressed in its willingness to take actions to break structural constraints and fundamentally change the distribution patterns between the rich and the poor. This chapter discusses the ways in which political commitment is translated into real practice.