The pursuit to achieve sustainable development has fuelled the desires of all nations to see to the well-being of humans both now and in the future. One of the drivers that can be used to accomplish this sustainable development is a bio-based economy via the use of bio-based products. Bio-based production concept constitutes a new paradigm in a circular bio-based economy for promoting development. The sustainable exploitation of the world’s biodiversity from renewable sources to replace fossil raw materials is the main goal of the bioeconomy, and this can be achieved through the production of bio-based products to improve society, the environment, and the economy. The development of a bio-based economy offers a significant opportunity for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, through the production of sustainable bio-based products. Products made from biological resources show great promise as a substitute for products made from fossil materials and help mitigate negative environmental consequences caused by the latter. Therefore, expanding the market for bio-based products results in the transformation of the industrial sector, thereby fostering biotechnological innovation and supporting rural development. However, to achieve this, different production techniques are needed to contribute more to increasing the manufacture of many bio-based products from a wide variety of available bioresources. Production techniques are highly desirable and are of critical relevance to the conversion of bio-based resources derived from plants and animals into different categories of bio-products such as biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. Therefore, this chapter provides an overview of bio-based products and the production techniques used in the production of bio-based products in the Global South. The book chapter emphasised bio-based products that fall into the categories of bioenergy, biochemicals, and biomaterials produced from bio-based resources in the Global South using the most common production techniques—biochemical and thermochemical methods. It is imperative that the Global South fully shift to a sustainable bio-based economy considering the expanding population, environmental issues, and the diminishing availability of fossil-based resources. It is anticipated that the data presented in this chapter will offer crucial direction to industrial sector decision-makers or policymakers to accomplish more sustainable social, economic, and environmental goals in the Global South.