The chapter underscores the critical importance of health management in advancing the aquaculture industry, bolstering global food security, and fostering economic growth. It examines the intricate dynamics of aquatic animal health management, highlighting the detrimental effects of disease outbreaks on aquaculture production and international trade, which often result in significant economic losses for affected countries. The discussion encompasses various stressors impacting fish health, including physical, chemical, biological, and procedural factors, and elaborates on how these stressors influence stress responses and compromise disease resistance. The chapter also provides an in-depth analysis of infectious diseases affecting aquatic animals, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, detailing their causes, clinical symptoms, and strategies for prevention and control. Additionally, the chapter addresses non-infectious diseases in fish, including conditions like gas bubble disease, scoliosis, and lipoid liver disease, explaining their etiology and clinical manifestations. On the management front, it outlines essential strategies such as advanced diagnostics, biosecurity measures, vaccination, immunostimulants, and therapeutics, emphasizing their role in effective disease prevention and control. This comprehensive overview of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, coupled with practical management approaches, offers aquaculture professionals and stakeholders a valuable resource. It provides a thorough understanding of the challenges in maintaining aquatic animal health while exploring opportunities for improving aquaculture sustainability and productivity.