Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are crucial for clean energy generation, but their efficiency and reliability can be hampered by both unpredictable operating conditions and potential faults in components. To address these challenges, this work proposes a comprehensive solution integrating advanced control techniques and fault detection mechanisms. At the heart of this solution lies an enhanced Incremental Conductance (IC) algorithm, which utilizes the mathematical residue theorem for highly precise Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). This ensures the PV system consistently extracts the maximum possible power even under variable conditions. Additionally, a robust Fault Diagnosis (FD) system employs residual formation and threshold comparisons, allowing for the swift detection of faults within sensors, switches, and other critical PV components. This proactive fault detection safeguards the system’s reliability. Finally, the integration of a sliding mode compensator enables the autonomous determination of controller gains, rendering the system robust to uncertainties and eliminating the need for precise atmospheric data. Collectively, these innovations substantially improve the energy conversion efficiency, reliability, and overall resilience of solar PV systems.