Ethnicity
摘要
As an identity marker, “ethnicity” refers to shared features, beliefs, ideologies, norms, experiences, and consciousness. This state is specific to an individual’s or group’s religious, racial, national, spatial, cultural, physical, exilic, or linguistic background. It denotes an attachment to and a manifestation of traits like ancestral heritage, genetic traits, cultural conventions, literary tradition, value system, cuisine, dress code, etc. By possessing these, one may form a distinct identity and resist the dominance of other sociocultural formations. Etymologically, the term “ethnicity” derives from late Middle English “ethnic” (denoting a person not of the Christian or Jewish faith): via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek “ethnikos” (heathen), from “ethnos” (nation) (OALDCE 2005, CD-ROM). Thomas Hylland Eriksen observes “the first fact of ethnicity is the application of systematic distinctions between insiders and outsiders or between ‘Us’ and ‘Them’” (19). If ethnicity fosters mutual love and dependence within specific groups, it may also incite discrimination and exclusion between different groups. In a larger context (e.g., diaspora or transnationalism), overlapping ethnic considerations (e.g., common national, regional, or continental origin) may lead to ethnic consolidation between different smaller ethnic groups (e.g., Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah)