Kala Pani
摘要
Kala Pani is a term that has traveled, literally and metaphorically, from the Indian vernacular to the global vocabulary of migration, colonization, and diaspora. It embodies the fluidities of space and identity that marked the histories of indentured labor in the Indian subcontinent from the nineteenth century and the subsequent colonial echoes of banishment and punishment for rebelling against the British. As a pre-colonial epithet inclusive of the shame and dangers for the Brahmanical castes losing their social status due to crossing the seas, Kala Pani went on to signify the deadliest punishments in the colonial era—the rationale of which was rooted in the ancient diktats of excommunication prescribed for those who chose to travel abroad. Encompassing the many meanings of “being sent away,” the mere mention of Kala Pani, popularly translated as “black waters,” is essentially a chronotope of pain, crisis, and survival.