Heavy haul railway transportation has become a current research focus. Its operation is bound to influence the existing organization of heavy haul freight transport. Therefore, this study takes heavy haul railway stations as the research object. This paper analyzes the means of capacity improvement of heavy haul railway, and focuses on the research of the optimization of arrival and departure line allocation of heavy haul railway. Based on principle analyzing of the optimization of arrival and departure line allocation of heavy haul railway, an optimization framework of arrival and departure line allocation of heavy haul railway is developed and an optimization path of arrival and departure line allocation of heavy haul railway is proposed, which provides support for the model-driven optimization of arrival and departure line allocation of heavy haul railway..