This chapter provides an integrated examination of emerging financial mechanisms that support global sustainability and climate resilience, focusing on ESG scoring systems, green financial instruments, and carbon finance. It begins by tracing the evolution of ESG frameworks, highlighting their emergence from early corporate social responsibility principles to today’s data-driven, AI-enabled evaluation models. The chapter analyzes major ESG rating systems, the growing role of blockchain in verification, and persistent challenges such as data inconsistency, greenwashing, and limited relevance for developing countries. The second part explores green financial instruments—particularly green bonds—as critical tools for mobilizing climate finance. It reviews their historical development, technological innovations in transparency and monitoring, and national and corporate case studies. Challenges including high transaction costs, weak regulatory harmonization, and uneven global uptake are identified. The final section examines carbon markets and carbon finance, outlining the evolution of cap-and-trade systems, voluntary carbon markets, and emerging digital MRV technologies. It compares regional systems such as the EU ETS, China’s national ETS, and Japan’s GX-ETS, assessing their effectiveness, governance gaps, and equity concerns. The chapter concludes by proposing integrated, technology-enhanced financial architectures that can better support a just, transparent, and globally inclusive sustainability transition.