The focus of this chapter is on showing that disability in things happened as a result of colonial medicine in Latin America rather than merely as a result of biological impairment. To support its argument, the chapter draws on decolonial disability studies and asserts that colonial medical regimes, through their power to define Indigenous, Afro-descendant, and colonized bodies as sick, helped imperial governance, capitalist extraction, and racial hierarchies. Under the pretext of a “civilizing mission,” Western biomedicine, which was introduced, displaced holistic Indigenous health systems that stressed balance, spirituality, communal care, and body diversity. Colonial medicine applied racial science, asylums, eugenics, and labor-based classification of bodily “fitness” as mechanisms to turn difference into deficit and thereby legitimize segregation, surveillance, and coercion. The chapter shows how disability was closely connected to coloniality, and how modern ideas of normalcy, productivity, and health originated together with capitalism and European epistemological control. The paper also points out the differences between these impositions and pre-colonial Indigenous worldviews that acknowledged different bodies as necessary for the community and that placed people in other social roles by means of reciprocity rather than exclusion. The dissection of the past further reveals that colonial violence, in its various forms such as forced labor, displacement, epidemics, environmental degradation, and reproductive control, not only caused impairment directly but also, by medicalizing suffering, denied people access to the structural sources of their suffering. Emphasizing the resistance of Indigenous peoples, the plurality of medical practices, and the involvement of the community in healthcare, the chapter reveals the persistence of alternative ways of knowing even under colonial imposition. In the end, the author argues that to understand the present-day disability inequalities in Latin America, one has to consider the lasting impacts of colonial medicine. Thus, a decolonial angle on disability is necessary not only for regaining power and rewriting historical narratives but also for envisioning future societies that are fairer and more inclusive, thus having their roots in the customary wisdom and practical experience of the people.