Spiritual Formation and Moral Development
摘要
This chapter examines disability inclusion as a community-based process within Muslim societies, emphasizing the interconnected roles of families, mosques, and Islamic educational institutions in shaping inclusive practices. Moving beyond policy-driven approaches, the chapter argues that sustainable inclusion emerges when Islamic ethical principles are embedded within everyday social environments where values and attitudes toward disability are formed. Drawing upon Islamic moral theology, the analysis highlights concepts of human dignity (karāmah), justice (ʿadl), compassion (raḥmah), and collective responsibility (farḍ kifāyah) as normative foundations for community-driven inclusion. Empirical evidence from Indonesian contexts illustrates how cultural expectations, religious interpretations, and institutional capacities interact to either reinforce exclusion or foster participation. The chapter further explores leadership commitment, accessible infrastructure, collaborative partnerships, and stigma-reduction initiatives as mechanisms for translating theological ideals into lived social practice. By integrating contemporary inclusion theory with Islamic ethical frameworks, the chapter proposes a holistic model of community-based inclusion that positions families, religious institutions, and schools as interconnected moral actors. It concludes that sustainable disability inclusion in Muslim societies depends on aligning theological values, community engagement, and institutional accountability to create environments where all members can belong, contribute, and flourish.