This chapter examines the major challenges facing sustainable tourism in the modern era. It discusses overtourism and its impacts on destinations and communities. The management of tourism in protected areas is analyzed in relation to conservation objectives. The chapter also addresses global disruptions such as pandemics and their effects on tourism systems. Ethical issues, including labor exploitation and animal welfare, are critically examined. Case studies illustrate strategies for managing these challenges. The chapter highlights the importance of resilience and adaptive governance.