Global supply disruptions have reignited debates on the importance of domestic vaccine manufacturing as a pillar of national health security and industrial policy. Australia has faced challenges in ensuring timely access to essential vaccines due to its reliance on imported supplies and exposure to export restrictions. These structural vulnerabilities in Australia’s vaccine ecosystem have prompted renewed calls to strengthen local production capacity. Historically, the country maintained robust domestic vaccine manufacturing through the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL), established in 1916 to ensure self-sufficiency in sera and vaccines during World War I. In recent decades, however, Australia’s vaccine needs have been largely met by global pharmaceutical manufacturers, with CSL (now a privatized company) focusing on specific products like influenza vaccines. The question now is whether reviving and expanding local vaccine manufacturing is a legitimate and feasible strategy to stimulate industrial development and improve vaccine access and affordability in Australia. This chapter examines that question through an interdisciplinary lens, balancing economic, legal, and public health perspectives. It outlines the rationale for pursuing local vaccine production, analyzes the legal and economic landscape, evaluates common assumptions about local production, and concludes by identifying the critical success factors and policy measures necessary for Australia’s vaccine manufacturing.