This chapter examines the evolving relationship between Islam, state power, and identity in Uzbekistan under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev (2016–2025). It argues that Mirziyoyev’s reforms, while reversing many of Islom Karimov’s repressive legacies, have produced a new configuration of paradoxical governance—one that couples religious rehabilitation with renewed surveillance. Islam has been reimagined as both moral infrastructure and instrument of legitimacy, central to the project of constructing a “New Uzbekistan” yet confined within state-defined boundaries of acceptable piety. Drawing on interviews, policy analysis, and digital observation, the chapter traces how official Islam is mobilized through institutions such as the Muslim Board and the Center for Islamic Civilization, while unofficial Islam thrives through informal networks, online preaching, and transnational ties. It situates state-led initiatives such as the MEHR repatriation operations within a wider landscape of moral governance and geopolitical repositioning. Geopolitical pressures from Russia, China, Turkey, Afghanistan, and the Israel–Palestine conflict further complicate this terrain, reshaping what counts as patriotic faith versus political dissent. Through the emblematic case of Mubashshir Ahmad, this chapter shows how digital charisma and global resonance can convert religious popularity into political vulnerability. Ultimately, Islam’s transformation in Uzbekistan reveals a transitional order—simultaneously liberalizing and securitized—where belief, identity, and sovereignty are negotiated within overlapping circuits of power and devotion.